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Temperature is more than just a number on a weather app — it’s a critical measurement in cooking, science, health, and everyday comfort. Around the world, different scales are used, including Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin (K). Understanding how to convert between them helps avoid confusion whether you’re setting your oven, checking body temperature, or interpreting lab data.
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the formula:
°F = (°C × 9/5) + 32
Celsius (°C) | Formula | Fahrenheit (°F) |
---|---|---|
0 | (0 × 9/5) + 32 | 32 |
10 | (10 × 9/5) + 32 | 50 |
20 | (20 × 9/5) + 32 | 68 |
30 | (30 × 9/5) + 32 | 86 |
100 | (100 × 9/5) + 32 | 212 |
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, use this formula:
°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9
Fahrenheit (°F) | Formula | Celsius (°C) |
---|---|---|
32 | (32 − 32) × 5/9 = 0 × 5/9 | 0 |
68 | (68 − 32) × 5/9 = 36 × 5/9 | 20 |
98.6 | (98.6 − 32) × 5/9 = 66.6 × 5/9 | 37 |
212 | (212 − 32) × 5/9 = 180 × 5/9 | 100 |
Kelvin is used in scientific contexts and starts at absolute zero.
K = °C + 273.15
Celsius (°C) | Kelvin (K) |
---|---|
-273.15 | 0 |
0 | 273.15 |
25 | 298.15 |
100 | 373.15 |
°C | °F | K |
---|---|---|
-40 | -40 | 233.15 |
0 | 32 | 273.15 |
20 | 68 | 293.15 |
37 | 98.6 | 310.15 |
100 | 212 | 373.15 |
Length is one of the most commonly used measurements in daily life — from checking your height, measuring a piece of wood, calculating walking distance, or understanding product dimensions. Different regions use either the metric system (millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers) or the imperial system (inches, feet, yards, miles), and switching between them is often necessary.
These conversions are based on powers of ten, making the metric system highly logical and easy to use:
Unit | Conversion |
---|---|
1 cm | 10 mm |
1 m | 100 cm = 1,000 mm |
1.5 m | 150 cm = 1,500 mm |
2.3 km | 2,300 m = 230,000 cm |
The imperial system is used in the United States and parts of the UK. The most common units are:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 ft | 12 in |
3 ft | 36 in = 1 yd |
2 miles | 10,560 ft = 3,520 yds |
These conversions are approximate but commonly used:
Metric Value | Imperial Equivalent |
---|---|
10 cm | 3.94 inches |
1 m | 3.28 feet (39.37 inches) |
100 m | 109.36 yards |
5 km | 3.11 miles |
Reverse conversions:
Imperial Value | Metric Equivalent |
---|---|
5 in | 12.7 cm |
6 ft | 1.83 m |
100 yd | 91.44 m |
2 miles | 3.218 km |
Unit | Converts To |
---|---|
1 inch | 2.54 cm |
1 cm | 0.3937 inches |
1 foot | 0.3048 m |
1 meter | 3.2808 ft |
1 mile | 1.609 km |
1 km | 0.6214 miles |
Area is used to describe the amount of surface a shape covers — whether it’s a room floor, a field, a wall, or even an entire plot of land. It’s crucial in real estate, agriculture, construction, architecture, and everyday measurements like square footage in homes or land size in hectares.
The metric system handles area using squared versions of its length units:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 m² | 10,000 cm² |
1 ha | 10,000 m² = 100 ares = 0.01 km² |
0.5 km² | 500,000 m² = 50 hectares |
25 cm × 25 cm | 625 cm² (area of a square) |
In countries using the imperial system, area is often measured in:
Key relationships:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 yd² | 9 ft² |
1 acre | 43,560 ft² |
1 mi² | 640 acres = 27,878,400 ft² |
Room: 12 ft × 15 ft | 180 ft² |
These are the most commonly needed cross-system conversions:
Value | Converted Value |
---|---|
100 m² | 1,076.4 ft² |
500 ft² | 46.45 m² |
1 hectare | 2.471 acres |
2 acres | 8,094 m² = 0.809 ha |
1 km² | 1,000,000 m² = 247.1 acres |
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 m² | 10.764 ft² |
1 ft² | 0.092903 m² |
1 ha | 10,000 m² = 2.471 acres |
1 acre | 4,046.86 m² = 0.4047 ha |
1 km² | 1,000,000 m² = 100 ha = 247.1 acres |
Volume tells us how much space something occupies — whether it’s water in a bottle, fuel in a tank, or ingredients in a recipe. Units of volume vary depending on the context: liters and milliliters in the metric world, gallons, quarts, and cups in the imperial system. Knowing how to convert between them is especially useful in cooking, science, and logistics.
The metric system makes volume conversions easy since it follows a decimal structure.
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
500 mL | 0.5 liters |
1 liter | 1,000 mL = 1,000 cm³ |
2.5 L | 2,500 mL |
1 m³ | 1,000 L = 1,000,000 mL |
In the imperial system (primarily used in the U.S.), common volume units include:
Key relationships:
These are approximate values commonly used:
Metric Value | Imperial Equivalent |
---|---|
250 mL | ≈ 8.45 fl oz |
500 mL | ≈ 16.91 fl oz = ~1 US pint |
1 liter | ≈ 33.81 fl oz = ~1.057 qt = 0.2642 gal |
2 liters | ≈ 67.63 fl oz = ~0.528 gal |
These are also useful for interpreting American packaging or recipes:
Imperial Value | Metric Equivalent |
---|---|
1 cup | ≈ 236.6 mL |
1 pint | ≈ 473.2 mL |
1 gallon | ≈ 3.785 liters |
12 fl oz | ≈ 355 mL (a standard soda can) |
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 mL | 0.0338 fl oz |
1 liter | 1,000 mL ≈ 33.81 fl oz = 1.057 qt = 0.264 gal |
1 gallon (US) | 128 fl oz ≈ 3.785 L |
1 cup (US) | 8 fl oz ≈ 236.6 mL |
Weight (or more precisely, mass) is a measurement we constantly encounter — in cooking, travel, shipping, fitness, and science. Depending on where you live, you might use grams and kilograms, or ounces and pounds. Let’s walk through how to convert between the different units with ease.
The metric system is based on powers of ten and is straightforward to work with:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 g | 1,000 mg |
1 kg | 1,000 g = 1,000,000 mg |
0.5 kg | 500 g |
2 tonnes | 2,000 kg = 2,000,000 g |
Used primarily in the United States and a few other countries:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 lb | 16 oz |
2 lbs | 32 oz |
1 stone | 14 lbs |
1 ton (US) | 2,000 lbs |
These are widely used approximations:
Metric Value | Approximate Imperial Equivalent |
---|---|
100 g | 3.53 oz |
1 kg | 2.20 lbs |
2.5 kg | 5.51 lbs |
50 kg | 110.23 lbs |
1 tonne | 2,204.6 lbs |
Use these key ratios:
Imperial Value | Approximate Metric Equivalent |
---|---|
1 lb | 453.6 g = 0.4536 kg |
10 oz | 283.5 g |
150 lbs | 68.04 kg |
1 stone | 6.35 kg |
1 US ton | 907.18 kg |
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 g | 0.0353 oz |
1 kg | 2.2046 lbs |
1 lb | 16 oz = 0.4536 kg |
1 oz | 28.35 g |
1 stone | 14 lbs = 6.35 kg |
1 tonne | 1,000 kg ≈ 2,204.62 lbs |
1 US ton | 2,000 lbs ≈ 907.18 kg |
Speed measures how fast something moves — whether it’s a car on a highway, a runner on a track, or a plane in the sky. You’ll most commonly see speed expressed in kilometers per hour (km/h), miles per hour (mph), or meters per second (m/s). For nautical and aviation purposes, the unit knot is also used. Let’s see how these units compare and convert.
Conversion:
1 km/h = 0.27778 m/s
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
Speed | In m/s |
---|---|
10 km/h | 2.78 m/s |
50 km/h | 13.89 m/s |
100 km/h | 27.78 m/s |
Conversion:
1 km/h ≈ 0.6214 mph
1 mph ≈ 1.609 km/h
Speed (km/h) | Speed (mph) |
---|---|
10 | 6.21 |
60 | 37.28 |
100 | 62.14 |
120 | 74.56 |
A knot is one nautical mile per hour.
Knots | km/h | mph |
---|---|---|
10 | 18.52 | 11.51 |
20 | 37.04 | 23.02 |
30 | 55.56 | 34.54 |
50 | 92.6 | 57.54 |
A helpful conversion in athletics or physics:
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
Speed (m/s) | Speed (km/h) |
---|---|
2 | 7.2 |
5 | 18 |
10 | 36 |
15 | 54 |
Unit | Converts To |
---|---|
1 km/h | 0.27778 m/s = 0.6214 mph = 0.53996 knots |
1 mph | 1.609 km/h |
1 m/s | 3.6 km/h |
1 knot | 1.852 km/h = 1.15078 mph |
Time units are part of nearly every activity — from setting alarms and measuring work hours to calculating project timelines or understanding how long a year truly is. The basics are well-known, but once you start multiplying hours into days, months into minutes, or years into seconds — things get interesting. Let’s explore these conversions step by step.
Unit | Value |
---|---|
1 day | 24 hours / 1,440 minutes / 86,400 seconds |
1 week | 168 hours / 10,080 minutes / 604,800 sec |
1 month (avg) | ~30.44 days ≈ 730.5 hours |
1 year | 365 days / 8,760 hours / 525,600 minutes |
1 year (sec) | 31,536,000 seconds |
A leap year has one extra day:
Time Frame | In Hours | In Minutes | In Seconds |
---|---|---|---|
2.5 hours | 2.5 | 150 | 9,000 |
3 days | 72 | 4,320 | 259,200 |
1 week | 168 | 10,080 | 604,800 |
1 month (30 days) | 720 | 43,200 | 2,592,000 |
Typically:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 minute | 60 seconds |
1 hour | 60 minutes = 3,600 seconds |
1 day | 24 hours = 1,440 minutes = 86,400 seconds |
1 week | 7 days = 168 hours |
1 year | 365 days = 8,760 hours |
Leap year | 366 days = 8,784 hours |
Angles are used to describe rotation, direction, or shape — whether you’re measuring corners in geometry, turning a car’s steering wheel, or navigating with a compass. The two most common units are degrees (°) and radians (rad). Let’s look at how they relate and how to convert between them.
Degrees divide a full circle into 360 equal parts:
Degrees are widely used in daily life, from architecture to sports.
Radians are used more often in scientific, engineering, and programming contexts. They’re based on the arc length of a circle:
This system simplifies formulas in trigonometry and calculus.
Degrees (°) | Formula | Radians (rad) |
---|---|---|
30° | 30 × π / 180 | π/6 ≈ 0.5236 |
45° | 45 × π / 180 | π/4 ≈ 0.7854 |
90° | 90 × π / 180 | π/2 ≈ 1.5708 |
180° | 180 × π / 180 | π ≈ 3.1416 |
360° | 360 × π / 180 | 2π ≈ 6.2832 |
Radians (rad) | Formula | Degrees (°) |
---|---|---|
π/6 ≈ 0.5236 | 0.5236 × (180 / π) | 30° |
π/2 ≈ 1.5708 | 1.5708 × (180 / π) | 90° |
1 rad | 1 × (180 / π) | ≈ 57.3° |
2 rad | 2 × (180 / π) | ≈ 114.6° |
Degrees (°) | Radians (rad) |
---|---|
0° | 0 |
30° | π/6 ≈ 0.5236 |
45° | π/4 ≈ 0.7854 |
90° | π/2 ≈ 1.5708 |
180° | π ≈ 3.1416 |
360° | 2π ≈ 6.2832 |
Pressure is the force applied per unit area. We encounter it in many situations: checking tire pressure, reading weather maps, adjusting espresso machines, or measuring blood pressure. Various units are used across different industries and countries, so converting between them is often necessary.
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level:
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 atm | 101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa ≈ 1.013 bar |
1 bar | 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa ≈ 0.9869 atm |
1 psi | 6,894.76 Pa ≈ 0.06895 bar |
1 mmHg | 133.322 Pa ≈ 0.00131579 atm |
1 kPa | 0.145 psi ≈ 0.009869 atm |
Value | In Bar |
---|---|
100,000 Pa | 1 bar |
202,650 Pa | 2.0265 bar |
1 atm | ≈ 1.013 bar |
30 psi | ≈ 2.07 bar |
psi | kPa | atm |
---|---|---|
14.7 | 101.325 | 1.0 |
32 | ≈ 220.6 | ≈ 2.18 |
50 | ≈ 344.7 | ≈ 3.4 |
Unit | Converts To |
---|---|
1 atm | 101.325 kPa = 1.013 bar = 14.7 psi |
1 bar | 100 kPa = 0.9869 atm = 14.5 psi |
1 psi | 6.89476 kPa = 0.0689 bar |
1 mmHg | 133.322 Pa = 0.001316 atm |
Energy tells us how much work can be done, and power tells us how fast that energy is used. You see energy units on food labels, electricity bills, engine specs, and fitness trackers. The most common units include joules, calories, kilowatt-hours, watts, and horsepower.
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 cal | 4.184 J |
1 kcal | 1,000 cal = 4,184 J = 4.184 kJ |
1 kWh | 3.6 million J = 3,600,000 J = 860 kcal |
1 J | 0.000278 kWh ≈ 0.239 cal |
Value | Converted Energy |
---|---|
100 kcal | 418,400 J |
1 kWh | 3,600,000 J = 860 kcal |
500 kJ | ≈ 119.5 kcal |
Unit | Equivalent |
---|---|
1 W | 1 J/s |
1 kW | 1,000 W |
1 hp (metric) | 735.5 W |
1 hp (mechanical) | 745.7 W |
Power Rating | Description |
---|---|
1,500 W heater | 1.5 kW — uses 1.5 kWh per hour |
100 hp engine | ≈ 73.5 kW |
60 W lightbulb | 0.06 kW — 0.06 kWh in one hour |
From | To |
---|---|
1 kcal | 4.184 kJ |
1 kWh | 860 kcal = 3.6 MJ |
1 J | 0.000239 kcal = 2.78 × 10⁻⁷ kWh |
1 hp | ≈ 0.7355 kW (metric) or 0.7457 kW (US) |
Measurement units are the foundation of how we understand and interact with the world — from tracking time and distance to managing energy, weight, and digital data. This guide walked you through the essential categories of conversion:
By understanding how to move between units with confidence, you gain control — whether you’re solving technical problems, making smart purchases, interpreting global standards, or just getting through everyday tasks more smoothly.
Keep this guide handy — and let it serve as your reliable reference in a world full of numbers.
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the formula:
(200 × 9/5) + 32 = 392°F
So, 200°C = 392°F — a common baking temperature for roasting.
There are 5,280 feet in one mile. This is a fixed value used in both running events and land measurement in the U.S.
To convert a decimal like 0.75 into a fraction:
0.75 = 75/100 = 3/4 (simplified).
The process involves removing the decimal by multiplying and simplifying the fraction.
25°C × 9/5 + 32 = 77°F
So, a temperature of 25°C feels like a warm day: 77°F.
Los Angeles is in the Pacific Time Zone (PT). To know the exact time, check a live clock. When it’s 12:00 in New York (ET), it’s usually 09:00 in LA (PT), except during daylight saving transitions.
A non-leap year has:
365 × 24 × 60 × 60 = 31,536,000 seconds
A leap year has 31,622,400 seconds.
There are 16 ounces (oz) in 1 pound (lb).
This is used in cooking, postal services, and body weight.
To convert centimeters to feet:
170 cm ÷ 30.48 ≈ 5.577 ft, or about 5 feet 7 inches.
1 inch = 25.4 millimeters.
So, to convert mm to inches: divide by 25.4.
Example: 40 mm ≈ 1.57 inches
It depends on the system: